Everything about On The Road totally explained
» This article is about the novel On the Road
. For other uses, see On the Road (disambiguation).
On the Road is a novel by American writer
Jack Kerouac, written in April
1951, and published by
Viking Press in
1957. It is a largely
autobiographical work that was written as a
stream of consciousness creation—based on the spontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friends across mid-century America. It is often considered a defining work of the postwar
Beat Generation that was inspired by
jazz,
poetry, and
drug experiences. While many of the names and details of Kerouac's experiences are changed in the novel, hundreds of
references in On the Road have real-world counterparts.
When the book was originally released, the
New York Times hailed it as "the most beautifully executed, the clearest and most important utterance" of Kerouac's generation. The novel was chosen by
TIME Magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from
1923 to
2005.
Origins
On the Road was written in three weeks, while Kerouac lived with Joan Haverty, his second wife, at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan. Kerouac typed the manuscript on what he called "the scroll": a continuous, one hundred twenty-foot scroll of tracing paper sheets that he cut to size and taped together. The roll was typed single-spaced, without margins or paragraph breaks. Contrary to rumor, Kerouac said he used no stimulants during the brief but productive writing session, other than coffee.
Recently, it was discovered that Kerouac first started writing On the Road in French, a language in which he also wrote two unpublished novels. These writings are in dialectal
Quebec French, and predate by a decade the first novels of
Michel Tremblay.
"The scroll" still exists — it was bought in 2001, by
Jim Irsay (
Indianapolis Colts football team owner), for $2.4 million, and is available for public viewing. The scroll was displayed in sections at
Indiana University's Lilly Library in mid-
2003, and, in January 2004, the roll started a thirteen-stop, four-year national tour of museums and libraries, starting at the
Orange County History Center in
Orlando,
Florida. From January through March 2006, it was at the
San Francisco Public Library with the first 30 feet unrolled. It spent three months at the
New York Public Library in 2007, and in the spring of 2008 will be at the
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the
University of Texas at Austin. The scroll will travel next to
Columbia College Chicago in the fall of 2008.
The legend of
how Kerouac wrote
On the Road excludes the tedious organization and preparation preceding the creative explosion. Kerouac carried small notebooks, in which much of the text was written as the eventful seven-year span of road trips unfurled. He furthermore revised the scroll's text several times before
Malcolm Cowley, of Viking Press, agreed to publish it. Besides the differences in formatting, the original scroll manuscript contained real names and was longer than the published novel. Kerouac deleted sections (including some sexual depictions deemed pornographic in 1957) and added smaller literary passages.
Viking Press released a slightly edited version of the original manuscript on 16 August 2007 titled
On the Road: The Original Scroll corresponding with the 50th anniversary of original publication. This version has been transcribed and edited by English academic and novelist, Dr Howard Cunnell. As well as containing material that was excised from the original draft due to its explicit nature the scroll version also uses the real names of the protagonists, so Dean Moriarty becomes
Neal Cassady and Carlo Marx becomes
Allen Ginsberg etc.
As of 2006, the book is slated for cinematic adaptation as
On the Road to be directed by
Walter Salles.
Character Key
Plot
The book begins by introducing the catalyst for most of the adventures of the story: Dean Moriarty (
Neal Cassady). The narrator, Sal Paradise (Kerouac), is fascinated with the idea of humanity, and particularly his eclectic group of friends, jazz, the landscapes of America, and women. The opening paragraph states that "with the coming of Dean Moriarty began the part of my life you could call my life on the road."
Soon after Dean arrives in
New York City he meets Carlo Marx (
Allen Ginsberg), Sal’s closest friend in the city. Sal tells us that a “tremendous thing happened," and that the meeting of Dean and Carlo was a meeting between “the holy con-man with the shining mind [Dean], and the sorrowful poetic con-man with the dark mind that's Carlo Marx." Carlo and Dean share stories about their friends and adventures around the country. Sal describes his fascination with these two men, and others he'll meet along the road, as being part of his overall interest in otherworldly characters.
In July
1947 Sal is ready to begin his first foray across the continent towards the West Coast. His friend Remi Boncœur has sent an invitation to join him, with hints of worldwide travels aboard a ship. He sets out with fifty dollars in his pocket.
Sal journeys to
Chicago. He dates the narrative at 1947, marking it as a specific era in
jazz history, “somewhere between its
Charlie Parker Ornithology period and another period that began with
Miles Davis,” and it inspires Sal to think of his friends “from one end of the country to the other…doing something so frantic and rushing about.”
In San Francisco, Sal takes a job as a night watchman at a boarding camp for
merchant sailors waiting for their ship. Sal’s aversion to commitment and duty ensure that he doesn't hold this job for long, and he's soon on the road again, where he meets one of his biggest temptations.
Her name is Terry, and he meets her on the bus to LA. She is
Mexican, and has run away from her husband. They spend “the next fifteen days…together for better or for worse.” Sal spends the better part of a week with Terry and her family in a migrant worker’s camp. The agrarian lifestyle initially appeals to Sal, and he says that he “thought [he] had found [his] life’s work.” Then economic reality sets in and Sal begins to pray “to God for a better break in life and a better chance to do something for the little people [he] loved.”
Sal’s continued journey on the road is entwined with the making of Dean as the epic hero: Dean Moriarty, the “son of a wino”. Dean has spent time in prison, for stealing cars. Dean’s imprisonment, according to Sal, is when his heroic personality was solidified. Prison had the effect of fueling his obsession with the road. What makes him heroic to Sal is his free nature, and his reluctance to tie his spirit to social demands. The decline of Dean makes up the second part of the novel, and culminates in the end of Sal’s journeys.
Sal’s travels erode into disappointment. He slowly becomes more dissatisfied with what he finds on the road, and he begins to look back on his previous travels in a more cynical way. His companions begin to be people from lower classes, old Negroes and Mexican whores. Back in
Denver, and very alone, he speaks in verse saying, “Down in Denver, down in Denver/All I did was die.” We begin to confront the possibility that this journey and Sal’s hero Dean were both failures.
After reuniting with Dean, Sal begins to sense Dean’s decline and labels him “the HOLY GOOF”, when earlier he was called holy in a reverent tone. Dean’s abilities falter. When confronted with his abandonment of wife and child, he's silent. Sal explains, “where once Dean would have talked his way out, he now fell silent.... He was BEAT.”
Sal’s last attempt at finding an answer to his problems is a trip through the Mexican countryside to
Mexico City with Dean and a hanger-on picked up in
Denver. The travellers perk up as soon as they hit the Mexican border, and some of the novel's more memorable scenes depict their
marijuana-infused introduction to Mexican culture, including a vivid (but expensive) sojourn to a
bordello offering
mambo music and underage
prostitutes.
Upon arriving in
Mexico City, Sal develops
dysentery, and Dean leaves him behind, feverish and hallucinating. Sal reflects that “when I got better I realized what a
rat he was, but then I'd to understand the impossible complexity of his
life, how he'd to leave me there, sick, to get on with his wives and woes.”
The novel ends a year later in
New York. Dean comes back to New York to see Sal and arrange for Sal and his girlfriend to move to
San Francisco with him. The arrangements to move fall through and Dean returns to the West alone.
Sal closes the novel sitting on a pier during sunset, looking west. He reminisces on
God, America, crying children, and the idea that "nobody knows what’s going to happen to anybody besides the forlorn rags of growing old," and ends with “I think of Dean Moriarty, I even think of Old Dean Moriarty the father we never found, I think of Dean Moriarty."
Influence
On the Road has been a huge influence on many poets, writers and musicians, including
Bob Dylan,
Jim Morrison,
Hunter S. Thompson, and many more.
"It changed my life like it changed everyone else's,"
Bob Dylan would say many years later.
Tom Waits, too, acknowledged its influence, hymning Jack and Neal in a song, and calling the Beats "father figures." At least two great American photographers were influenced by Kerouac: Robert Frank, who became his close friend - Kerouac wrote the introduction to
The Americans - and
Stephen Shore, who set out on an American road trip in the Seventies with Kerouac's book as a guide. It would be hard to imagine
Hunter S Thompson's deranged Seventies road novel,
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, had
On the Road not laid down the template - likewise films such as
Easy Rider,
Paris, Texas, even
Thelma and Louise.
On 12 December, 2007, British digital TV channel BBC Four broadcasted a documentary presented by comedian Russell Brand and his comedic counterpart Matt Morgan in which they commemorated the novel's 50th anniversary by retracing the route taken by Jack Kerouac. He is also mentioned in the song "All for you" by Our Lady Peace. The lines of that song go "Jack Kerouac KKKKerouac, On the road and in my head". The song is about Raine Maida's rocky relationship with his father.
On the April 24, 2008 episode of Lost entitled "The Shape of Things to Come", Benjamin Linus checks into a hotel under the alias of Dean Moriarty.
Film adaptation
» Main article: On the Road (film)
A film adaptation of
On the Road has been in the works for years, though production hasn't yet started.
Gus Van Sant owned the rights for many years and was going to emphasize the homoerotic undertones in the novel.
Russell Banks wrote a screenplay for producer
Francis Ford Coppola. The Brazilian director
Walter Salles is now heading the project. After seeing Salles's
The Motorcycle Diaries Coppola decided on Salles and the pre-production is already in discussion. It isn't known if any of Banks's screenplay will be used.
Criticisms
David Ulin says in
Book Forum that "even the most frantic of Kerouac’s writings were really the sagas of a solitary seeker: poor, sad Jack, adrift in a world without mercy when he’d rather be 'safe in Heaven dead.'" John Leland, author of
Why Kerouac Matters: The Lessons of On the Road (They're Not What You Think), says "We're no longer shocked by the sex and drugs. The slang is passé and at times corny. Some of the racial sentimentality is appalling" but adds "the tale of passionate friendship and the search for revelation are timeless. These are as elusive and precious in our time as in Sal's, and will be when our grandchildren celebrate the book's hundredth anniversary."
Further Information
Get more info on 'On The Road'.
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